How to Choose a Dental Plan

Although the thought of sitting in a dentist's chair makes some people anxious, the potential cost also drives many away. If you have an offer of dental insurance through your employer—or you can afford to purchase it for yourself—you'll want to know how to compare dental plans so you can choose one that covers the dental care you and your family will need now and in the future.

Assessing Your Needs

According to the American Dental Association, the cost of dentistry is a barrier to care for many consumers—more so than it is for medical care, prescriptions, mental health care, or vision care.

But on the plus side, dental costs tend to be easier to anticipate (and smaller) than the wide range of medical bills that any of us could experience at any time. Some dental care will still be an out-of-the-blue emergency, such as breaking a tooth. But less obvious dental needs often can be predicted (or avoided!) by regular, routine cleanings and checkups that include diagnostic X-rays to assess the overall condition of the teeth, gums, and jaw.

Other needs to consider are whether you or a family member may require more extensive dental care, such as braces or other orthodontia, dentures, tooth implants, crowns, or bridges. While many dental insurance plans may cover at least some of the cost of these more expensive treatments, the patient will tend to be on the hook for a significant amount too.

On the other hand, most dental plans cover the majority of the cost of more routine care, such as exams, cleanings, and fillings.

What's Included in a Dental Plan?

Several types of service are included (to varying degrees) in typical dental plans:

• Preventive and Diagnostic Care: These include periodic checkups, cleanings, X-rays, and fluoride and sealant applications to prevent cavities in children. Most dental plans will cover the full cost of these services, or require just a small copay.
• Basic Restorative Services: This includes some of the most common dental care, including fillings and root canals. The specifics of how these services are covered will vary from one dental plan to another, although it's common to see plans cover at least 50% of the cost after you've met your deductible. Depending on the plan and whether you've had prior continuous dental coverage, you may find that there's a waiting period before coverage begins for these services.
• Major Restorative Services: This includes more complex treatments, such as crowns, bridges, implants, and dentures. Some dental plans don't cover these services at all, while others will cover a percentage of the cost. It's also common for dental plans to have waiting periods before major services are covered. Dental plans also tend to have a fairly low annual benefit maximum, which is likely to be reached if a patient needs multiple major services. (Note that if a plan provides an orthodontic benefit, it will typically have a lifetime benefit limit, rather than an annual benefit limit.)

Types of Dental Plans

Dental Indemnity Plans

Freedom-of-choice dental plans, also known as dental indemnity plans, offer the highest level of flexibility since they do not have provider networks. The member is free to use any dentist, and the plan will reimburse based on its fee schedule.

However, that doesn't mean the plan will cover the full cost; the member is responsible for paying the difference between what the dentist bills and what the plan pays, and some dental indemnity plans have very low coverage limits.

Since there is no provider network contract with an indemnity plan, dentists are not required to write off any portion of their bill—they can collect the entire amount, including billing the consumer for the full cost left over after the insurance plan pays the amount it's willing to pay for that particular service.

Note that this is in contrast with what most Americans are used to in terms of their health insurance: Since most health insurance plans are managed care plans with contracted in-network providers, most of us are accustomed to an Explanation of Benefits (EOB) for medical care that shows the amount the provider billed, the amount that's written off under the terms of the insurer's network agreement, and then how the patient and/or the insurance company cover the portion that's left.)

Managed Care

However, many dental plans are managed-care plans that require patients to choose from a pre-approved list of dentists in a network of providers who have agreed to discount their fees.

These plans can be dental PPOs or dental HMOs, and the rules are fairly similar to medical PPOs and HMOs. In general, dental HMOs will not provide any coverage if the member receives care from a dentist who isn't in the plan's provider network, whereas dental PPOs will generally provide some coverage even if the services are received from an out-of-network dentist.

Because dental HMOs tend to be more restrictive and do not cover out-of-network care, their premiums also tend to be lower than dental PPO premiums, if the coverage amounts are similar. But you can get a dental HMO that's more expensive than a dental PPO, if the HMO provides higher coverage amounts, imposes shorter (or no) waiting periods, etc. In other words, a more robust plan will tend to be more expensive than a less robust plan.

Dental indemnity plans will tend to have the highest premiums for comparable amounts of coverage since they provide the member with the most flexibility in terms of which dentists they can use. But you'll often find that the available dental indemnity plans have lower coverage amounts, which offset the flexibility the plan gives you in terms of picking a dentist.

Discount Plans

There are also dental discount plans, which are not actually insurance. These plans provide a discount when you see dentists who have agreed to be part of the discount plan's network, but the plan itself doesn't pay anything towards the cost of your care. You pay for your own treatment, albeit at the discounted rate.

Dental discount plans tend to be less expensive than dental insurance, and they generally don't have any waiting periods before you can start receiving discounts (dental insurance plans often have waiting periods before benefits take effect, particularly for high-cost dental care).

As an alternative to purchasing a dental discount plan, you may find that your dentist offers a membership program that you can join. You may be able to pay an annual fee to your dentist, in trade for various benefits. It might, for example, cover the cost of a checkup and cleaning, along with discounts on other services that you might need during the year.

The Affordable Care Act and Dental Insurance

Starting in 2014, the Affordable Care Act began requiring all new individual and small group health plans to provide coverage for 10 essential health benefits. One of those benefits is pediatric dental care.

But the rules for pediatric dental coverage aren't the same as the rules for other essential health benefits. If you purchase health insurance in the Marketplace/exchange in your state, it might or might not include pediatric dental coverage.

As long as there's at least one stand-alone pediatric dental plan available for purchase, insurers aren't required to incorporate pediatric dental coverage into the medical plans they sell—unless a state requires it, and some do.

If you buy a stand-alone pediatric dental plan, it will cap total out-of-pocket costs for pediatric dental care. In 2025, the out-of-pocket costs under a stand-alone pediatric dental plan cannot exceed $425 for one child, or $850 for a family plan that covers more than one child. These limits are indexed annually.

This limit on out-of-pocket costs for stand-alone pediatric dental plans is in contrast to most adult dental plans, which cap total benefits instead. In other words, most adult dental plans limit how much the plan will pay for your care (usually in the range of $1,000 to $3,000 per year), whereas the ACA requires pediatric dental plans to limit how much the member has to pay in out-of-pocket costs, and there's no limit to how much the insurance plan might have to pay.

But these out-of-pocket limits for pediatric dental are only applicable if the plan is purchased through the health insurance Marketplace/exchange. If you buy a stand-alone dental plan directly from an insurer, the coverage for children does not have to comply with the same rules, meaning that the whole family's coverage can have capped benefits and unlimited out-of-pocket costs.

If you buy an individual or small group medical plan that includes embedded pediatric dental coverage, the plan can be designed so that the pediatric dental costs count towards the plan's overall deductible and out-of-pocket limit (which cannot exceed $9,200 for a single person in 2025.)

Total out-of-pocket is still capped, but if a child needs only dental care during the year, the family's out-of-pocket costs might be higher than they would have been with a stand-alone dental plan, since the overall deductible on the health plan will tend to be higher.

Dental coverage for adults was not addressed in the Affordable Care Act. There are a variety of adult dental plans available for sale, but they are not regulated by the ACA.

For now, the ACA does not allow states to include adult dental care as part of the essential health benefits (EHB) that individual/family and small-group health plans must cover. However, HHS finalized a rule change in 2024 that will allow states to add adult dental care to EHB starting in 2027 or a future year.

This will allow—but not require—states to change their rules so that all individual/family and small group health plans would have to start covering certain adult dental care, as defined by the state.

And importantly, if a service is considered an EHB, there cannot be a dollar limit on how much the plan will pay for the service. So if a state were to implement the option to add adult dental care to EHB, any services defined by the state would have to be covered without the sort of benefit limits that are currently used for adult dental coverage.

Dental Plans and Costs 

If you get your dental insurance through your employer, you might only have one plan option available. But a larger employer might offer you a choice of plans, and if you're buying your own dental insurance, you can select from among any plan available in your area.

To select a plan, the biggest considerations include:

• Which dentists you can see
• The level of dental care you expect to need
• The amount you'll have to pay in monthly premiums
• The amount of out-of-pocket spending that you feel you can comfortably handle

As described above, some plans will let you see any dentist, while others will limit you to dentists in a particular network. But while a plan that lets you see any dentist sounds good at first, it might not be the best choice if it has lower reimbursement rates or a smaller benefit limit.

A plan's affordability is based on its premium payments (often deducted directly from your paycheck, if your employer offers insurance) and on the portion of dental costs that you have to pay yourself, either because the plan doesn't cover them or only covers part of the cost.

For example, a low-premium dental plan might cost you less in terms of how much you pay to buy the coverage. However, you may find that you end up footing a significant portion of the cost of complex dental treatments like bridges, implants, or braces—it may not be the bargain you'd hoped for.

Conversely, it might be overkill to pay high premiums for a top-of-the-line dental plan when your dental history is uncomplicated and you only need the dentist to clean your pearly whites twice a year.

Before choosing a dental plan, visit your dentist and undergo an exam that includes a set of diagnostic X-rays. Have your dentist assess your overall dental health and determine what, if any, complex procedures you might need in the near future.

This needs assessment should point you in a direction as to what level of insurance would best protect you and your wallet and help determine the optimal match.

Note that if you haven't recently had dental insurance and you're shopping for a new plan, you'll likely have a waiting period of six months or a year before you'll have coverage for services that go beyond basic cleanings, X-rays, and fillings. Thus, you can't go out and buy a self-purchased dental plan that will cover the crown you're hoping to get next month.

And regardless of whether your dental insurance is provided by an employer or self-purchased, it will most likely have a cap on how much it will pay in a given year. In most cases, this cap won't be more than about $2,000, and it may well be less than that.

This is generally more than enough to pay for the routine dental care that most people need. But if you find yourself in need of significant oral surgery and multiple implants, you might find that you're left with extensive out-of-pocket costs, even with dental insurance.

It's also important to note that many dental insurance plans consider implants to be "cosmetic." In that case, the plan might not pay anything toward the cost of the implant, even if the enrollee hasn't met their benefit maximum yet.

If you need dental care and don't have insurance that will cover it, or if your dental insurance has a benefit cap that's too low to cover extensive procedures that you need, there are places where you can obtain free or low-cost dental services in many communities.

Dental Plan Availability

Depending on how you're obtaining dental coverage, you may find that your opportunity to enroll and/or disenroll are time-limited. Here's what you need to know:

• If your employer offers dental coverage, you will only be able to join or disenroll from the plan during your employer's annual open enrollment period or a special enrollment period triggered by a qualifying life event.
• If you're purchasing dental coverage in the Marketplace/exchange, you will also be limited to purchasing coverage during the annual open enrollment period or a special enrollment period, but you can disenroll from individual market dental coverage anytime.
• If you're buying coverage outside the Marketplace, you can generally enroll or disenroll anytime. As noted above, the ACA's rules about pediatric dental coverage do not apply to stand-alone dental plans purchased outside the Marketplace.
  

Summary

Dental plans can be indemnity plans that pay a set amount regardless of what dentist you use, or managed care plans (HMOs and PPOs) that work with a specific network of dentists. Discount plans, which aren't actually insurance, offer a reduced fee for using a provider in the plan's network but the plan doesn't pay anything towards your care.

Most dental plans will fully cover the cost of preventive care and most of the cost of basic restorative care. But for major care, such as crowns, bridges, and implants, it's common for dental plans to pay no more than about 50% of the cost (up to the plan's limit, and with exclusions for services the plan deems "cosmetic"). And it's also common to have waiting periods before these services are covered.

Most dental plans have annual benefit caps of $1,000 to $2,000. Although that's more than enough for most routine dental care, a person who needs extensive major dental care, such as multiple crowns, may hit the plan's benefit cap.